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Yellowstone National Park (YELL) is a terrestrial NEON field site located 100 km (62 mi.) southeast of Bozeman, MT, just south of the Wyoming-Montana state line. The 72.5 km² (17,900 acre) site lies within the northern reaches of Yellowstone National Park and is hosted by the National Park Service. The terrain consists of rolling hills, which span from 1840 - 2245 m (6036 - 7360 ft.) in elevation at the site. The site is a mosaic of pine-dominated forest mixed with open swaths of sage and grass and small wetlands. The area is visited by tourists and fisherman regularly during the summer. YELL is highly representative of a wildland area in NEON's Northern Rockies Domain (D12). The trophic structure and community interactions are probably more representative of those that were widespread in the region before Euro-American influence than any other place in the Domain. Thus, the site offers a rare opportunity to understand interactions among climate, natural disturbance, ecosystem processes, and community structure in integrated terrestrial and aquatic systems that are representative of those of intact wildlands across the Domain. Domain 12 comprises the northern part of the Rocky Mountain Range in western Montana, Idaho and northwestern Wyoming and has two field sites: YELL and the colocated BLDE aquatic site. [1] [7]

Yellowstone National Park contains geologic features that are the results of volcanism, glaciation, and geological processes fueled by a continental hotspot. The park encompasses the Yellowstone caldera as well as the fault-block mountain ranges that surround the caldera to the northeast and southwest. The underlying geology of YELL includes mostly basalt flows and intrusive igneous rocks, with some Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, Sunlight Group. YELL plots are also characterized by glacial deposits and glaciated bedrock areas. [2] [7] [13]

Soils at the YELL NEON site fall into the Mollisol category. Most soils found in the area are within loamy-skeletal particle size families. The most common soil type found in the NEON sample plots was Hobacker gravelly loam. [2]

YELL is located in the western portion of the Oxbow Creek watershed. In general, climate change has altered the flow of water in Yosemite's watersheds. The Lamar River, which runs through part of the YELL site, has a substantially lower flow than in previous decades. [7] [11]

Grasslands, shrublands, and forests are the predominant features within the NEON sites at Yellowstone National Park. With over 1200 species of native plants, Yellowstone National Park features vegetation varieties across grasslands, shrubland, and forested areas. Abundant plant species within the NEON site include: mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta*), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and a wide variety of grass species. [1]

Overall, Yellowstone National Park is home to extremely diverse and abundant wildlife population, including moose, elk, deer, bison, coyotes, foxes, and marmots. Black bears (Ursus americanus) and federally-listed threatened grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) are present in Yellowstone National Park. YELL is located within a Bear Management area; the site is managed to allow bears to reproduce without human interference. Following a reintroduction campaign from 1995 to 1997, a population of endangered Rocky Mountain wolves (Canis lupus) now exists within Yellowstone National Park as well. Birds also nest and migrate to Yellowstone National Park, with almost 300 species of birds reported within the park. [1] [3] [5] [7]

Archaeological features and oral histories provide evidence for the presence of people in Yellowstone dating back more than 11,000 years. A multitude of Native American tribes and groups inhabited the Yellowstone area, with multiple groups connected to the land within the park. The Tukudika band (Shoshone-Bannock Tribes), Tséstho’e (Cheyenne) and Apsaalooké (Crow) are some of the groups that share a history in the Yellowstone National Park area. Yellowstone National Park became established in 1872, at which point the Tukudika band persisted in the area. However, like many other Native American groups, European-American settlers and government action eventually forced them onto reservations.

In 1918, the park transferred from the management of the U.S. Army to the National Park Service. Over the years, the park continued to engage in wildlife and resource management, as well as visitor engagement. The Bear Management area and reintroduction of wolves are just some of the milestones in the ongoing management and history of the area. The Yellowstone area also has a history of natural fires before 1872, with vegetation adapting to and even relying on fire conditions. In the 1880s, fire suppression efforts began under the management of the U.S. Army. Growing evidence of the ecological role of fire led the National Park Service to eventually allow some fires to burn in Yellowstone National Park, beginning in 1972. [3] [4] [8] [9]

The National Park Service currently manages Yellowstone National Park to ensure a healthy ecosystem and protection of wildlife within the park. One of the main management considerations is fire. Fire facilitates certain plant populations and ecosystem balances in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. For example, lodgepole pine seeds can be released by intense heat from fire. Prior to 1972, fires in Yellowstone were largely suppressed; nowadays, the National Park Service manages to facilitate naturally started fires as part of an ecologically beneficial process. In the present day, naturally started fires that do not present a danger to human life and infrastructure are permitted to burn within the park.

The presence of threatened species within the park, including wolves and grizzly bears, has influenced wildlife management strategies as well. A Bear Management area, which YELL is contained within, allows the bears to reproduce without interference by humans. The reintroduction of threatened wolf populations following extermination campaigns in the Rocky Mountain area is another key management strategy that extends beyond wildlife populations. When wolves hunt grazing mammals, it can affect the entire ecosystem and landscape. While wolves are no longer considered endangered in all states in the Greater Yellowstone Area, hunting wolves within Yellowstone National Park is prohibited. Lastly, Yellowstone hosts scientific research unaffiliated with the U.S. National Park Service. In 2018, 142 permits were issued for research on biological resources, wildlife and vegetation, microbiology, ecology, and more. [3] [4] [9] [12]

The National Park Service conducted an Environmental Assessment in June 2017 for a potential NEON site near Blacktail Deer Creek. Multiple other sites within Yellowstone National Park were evaluated in 2008, but did not meet the scientific, logistical, and management criteria considered. Site characterization began in May 2018, with vegetation structure measurements conducted during May 2018 and plant diversity data collected between June and August 2018. The tower came online starting October 2018. [1] [7]